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When starting a new translation, the translator creates a file called ‘LANG.po’, as a copy of the ‘package.pot’ template file with modifications in the initial comments (at the beginning of the file) and in the header entry (the first entry, near the beginning of the file).
The easiest way to do so is by use of the ‘msginit’ program. For example:
$ cd PACKAGE-VERSION $ cd po $ msginit |
The alternative way is to do the copy and modifications by hand. To do so, the translator copies ‘package.pot’ to ‘LANG.po’. Then she modifies the initial comments and the header entry of this file.
msginit Program msginit [option] |
The msginit program creates a new PO file, initializing the meta
information with values from the user's environment.
Here are more details. The following header fields of a PO file are automatically filled, when possible.
The value is guessed from the configure script or any other files
in the current directory.
The value is taken from the PO-Creation-Data in the input POT
file, or the current date is used.
The value is taken from user's password file entry and the mailer configuration files.
These values are set according to the current locale and the predefined list of translation teams.
These values are set according to the content of the POT file and the current locale. If the POT file contains charset=UTF-8, it means that the POT file contains non-ASCII characters, and we keep the UTF-8 encoding. Otherwise, when the POT file is plain ASCII, we use the locale's encoding.
The value is first looked up from the embedded table.
As an experimental feature, you can instruct msginit to use the
information from Unicode CLDR, by setting the GETTEXTCLDRDIR
environment variable. The program will look for a file named
common/supplemental/plurals.xml under that directory. You can
get the CLDR data from http://cldr.unicode.org/.
Input POT file.
If no inputfile is given, the current directory is searched for the POT file. If it is ‘-’, standard input is read.
Write output to specified PO file.
If no output file is given, it depends on the ‘--locale’ option or the user's locale setting. If it is ‘-’, the results are written to standard output.
Assume the input file is a Java ResourceBundle in Java .properties
syntax, not in PO file syntax.
Assume the input file is a NeXTstep/GNUstep localized resource file in
.strings syntax, not in PO file syntax.
Set target locale. ll should be a language code, and CC should
be a country code. The optional part .encoding specifies the encoding
of the locale; most often this part is .UTF-8.
The command ‘locale -a’ can be used to output a list
of all installed locales. The default is the user's locale setting.
Declares that the PO file will not have a human translator and is instead automatically generated.
Specify whether or when to use colors and other text attributes.
See The --color option for details.
Specify the CSS style rule file to use for --color.
See The --style option for details.
Write out a Java ResourceBundle in Java .properties syntax. Note
that this file format doesn't support plural forms and silently drops
obsolete messages.
Write out a NeXTstep/GNUstep localized resource file in .strings syntax.
Note that this file format doesn't support plural forms.
Set the output page width. Long strings in the output files will be split across multiple lines in order to ensure that each line's width (= number of screen columns) is less or equal to the given number.
Do not break long message lines. Message lines whose width exceeds the output page width will not be split into several lines. Only file reference lines which are wider than the output page width will be split.
Display this help and exit.
Output version information and exit.
The initial comments "SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE", "YEAR" and "FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR" ought to be replaced by sensible information. This can be done in any text editor; if Emacs is used and it switched to PO mode automatically (because it has recognized the file's suffix), you can disable it by typing M-x fundamental-mode.
Modifying the header entry can already be done using PO mode: in Emacs, type M-x po-mode RET and then RET again to start editing the entry. You should fill in the following fields.
This is the name and version of the package. Fill it in if it has not
already been filled in by xgettext.
This has already been filled in by xgettext. It contains an email
address or URL where you can report bugs in the untranslated strings:
This has already been filled in by xgettext.
You don't need to fill this in. It will be filled by the PO file editor when you save the file.
Fill in your name and email address (without double quotes).
Fill in the English name of the language, and the email address or homepage URL of the language team you are part of.
Before starting a translation, it is a good idea to get in touch with your translation team, not only to make sure you don't do duplicated work, but also to coordinate difficult linguistic issues.
In the Free Translation Project, each translation team has its own mailing list. The up-to-date list of teams can be found at the Free Translation Project's homepage, https://translationproject.org/, in the "Teams" area.
Fill in the language code of the language. This can be in one of three forms:
The naming convention ‘ll_CC’ is also the way locales are named on systems based on GNU libc. But there are three important differences:
So, if your locale name is ‘de_DE.UTF-8’, the language specification in PO files is just ‘de’.
Replace ‘CHARSET’ with the character encoding used for your language,
in your locale, or UTF-8. This field is needed for correct operation of the
msgmerge and msgfmt programs, as well as for users whose
locale's character encoding differs from yours (see How to specify the output character set gettext uses).
You get the character encoding of your locale by running the shell command ‘locale charmap’. If the result is ‘C’ or ‘ANSI_X3.4-1968’, which is equivalent to ‘ASCII’ (= ‘US-ASCII’), it means that your locale is not correctly configured. In this case, ask your translation team which charset to use. ‘ASCII’ is not usable for any language except Latin.
Because the PO files must be portable to operating systems with less advanced
internationalization facilities, the character encodings that can be used
are limited to those supported by both GNU libc and GNU
libiconv. These are:
ASCII, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-2, ISO-8859-3,
ISO-8859-4, ISO-8859-5, ISO-8859-6, ISO-8859-7,
ISO-8859-8, ISO-8859-9, ISO-8859-13, ISO-8859-14,
ISO-8859-15,
KOI8-R, KOI8-U, KOI8-T,
CP850, CP866, CP874,
CP932, CP949, CP950, CP1250, CP1251,
CP1252, CP1253, CP1254, CP1255, CP1256,
CP1257, GB2312, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW,
BIG5, BIG5-HKSCS, GBK, GB18030, SHIFT_JIS,
JOHAB, TIS-620, VISCII, GEORGIAN-PS, UTF-8.
In the GNU system, the following encodings are frequently used for the corresponding languages.
ISO-8859-1 for
Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Danish, Dutch,
English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Galician, German,
Greenlandic, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Malay, Manx,
Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Uzbek,
Walloon,
ISO-8859-2 for
Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak,
Slovenian,
ISO-8859-3 for Maltese,
ISO-8859-5 for Macedonian, Serbian,
ISO-8859-6 for Arabic,
ISO-8859-7 for Greek,
ISO-8859-8 for Hebrew,
ISO-8859-9 for Turkish,
ISO-8859-13 for Latvian, Lithuanian, Maori,
ISO-8859-14 for Welsh,
ISO-8859-15 for
Basque, Catalan, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Irish,
Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Walloon,
KOI8-R for Russian,
KOI8-U for Ukrainian,
KOI8-T for Tajik,
CP1251 for Bulgarian, Belarusian,
GB2312, GBK, GB18030
for simplified writing of Chinese,
BIG5, BIG5-HKSCS
for traditional writing of Chinese,
EUC-JP for Japanese,
EUC-KR for Korean,
TIS-620 for Thai,
GEORGIAN-PS for Georgian,
UTF-8 for any language, including those listed above.
When single quote characters or double quote characters are used in translations for your language, and your locale's encoding is one of the ISO-8859-* charsets, it is best if you create your PO files in UTF-8 encoding, instead of your locale's encoding. This is because in UTF-8 the real quote characters can be represented (single quote characters: U+2018, U+2019, double quote characters: U+201C, U+201D), whereas none of ISO-8859-* charsets has them all. Users in UTF-8 locales will see the real quote characters, whereas users in ISO-8859-* locales will see the vertical apostrophe and the vertical double quote instead (because that's what the character set conversion will transliterate them to).
To enter such quote characters under X11, you can change your keyboard
mapping using the xmodmap program. The X11 names of the quote
characters are "leftsinglequotemark", "rightsinglequotemark",
"leftdoublequotemark", "rightdoublequotemark", "singlelowquotemark",
"doublelowquotemark".
Note that only recent versions of GNU Emacs support the UTF-8 encoding: Emacs 20 with Mule-UCS, and Emacs 21. As of January 2001, XEmacs doesn't support the UTF-8 encoding.
The character encoding name can be written in either upper or lower case. Usually upper case is preferred.
Set this to 8bit.
This field is optional. It is only needed if the PO file has plural forms. You can find them by searching for the ‘msgid_plural’ keyword. The format of the plural forms field is described in Additional functions for plural forms and Translating plural forms.
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