16.9.1 Making a Connection

In making a connection, the client makes a connection while the server waits for and accepts the connection. Here we discuss what the client program must do with the connect function, which is declared in sys/socket.h.

Function: int connect (int socket, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t length)

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

The connect function initiates a connection from the socket with file descriptor socket to the socket whose address is specified by the addr and length arguments. (This socket is typically on another machine, and it must be already set up as a server.) See Socket Addresses, for information about how these arguments are interpreted.

Normally, connect waits until the server responds to the request before it returns. You can set nonblocking mode on the socket socket to make connect return immediately without waiting for the response. See File Status Flags, for information about nonblocking mode.

The normal return value from connect is 0. If an error occurs, connect returns -1. The following errno error conditions are defined for this function:

EBADF

The socket socket is not a valid file descriptor.

ENOTSOCK

File descriptor socket is not a socket.

EADDRNOTAVAIL

The specified address is not available on the remote machine.

EAFNOSUPPORT

The namespace of the addr is not supported by this socket.

EISCONN

The socket socket is already connected.

ETIMEDOUT

The attempt to establish the connection timed out.

ECONNREFUSED

The server has actively refused to establish the connection.

ENETUNREACH

The network of the given addr isn’t reachable from this host.

EADDRINUSE

The socket address of the given addr is already in use.

EINPROGRESS

The socket socket is non-blocking and the connection could not be established immediately. You can determine when the connection is completely established with select; see Waiting for I/O. Another connect call on the same socket, before the connection is completely established, will fail with EALREADY.

EALREADY

The socket socket is non-blocking and already has a pending connection in progress (see EINPROGRESS above).

This function is defined as a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs, so one has to be prepared for this and make sure that allocated resources (like memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) are freed even if the thread is canceled.