XMLWF(1) XMLWF(1) NAME xmlwf - Determines if an XML document is well-formed SYNOPSIS xmlwf [OPTIONS] [FILE ...] xmlwf -h | --help xmlwf -v | --version DESCRIPTION xmlwf uses the Expat library to determine if an XML document is well- formed. It is non-validating. If you do not specify any files on the command-line, and you have a recent version of xmlwf, the input file will be read from standard input. WELL-FORMED DOCUMENTS A well-formed document must adhere to the following rules: * The file begins with an XML declaration. For instance, . NOTE: xmlwf does not currently check for a valid XML declaration. * Every start tag is either empty () or has a corresponding end tag. * There is exactly one root element. This element must contain all other elements in the document. Only comments, white space, and processing in- structions may come after the close of the root element. * All elements nest properly. * All attribute values are enclosed in quotes (either single or double). If the document has a DTD, and it strictly complies with that DTD, then the document is also considered valid. xmlwf is a non-validating parser -- it does not check the DTD. However, it does support external entities (see the -x option). OPTIONS When an option includes an argument, you may specify the argument either separately ("-d output") or concatenated with the option ("-doutput"). xmlwf supports both. -a factor Sets the maximum tolerated amplification factor for protection against amplification attacks like the billion laughs attack (de- fault: 100.0 for the sum of direct and indirect output and also for allocations of dynamic memory). The amplification factor is calcu- lated as .. amplification := (direct + indirect) / direct .. with regard to use of entities and .. amplification := allocated / direct .. with regard to dynamic memory while parsing. is the number of bytes read from the primary document in parsing, is the number of bytes added by expanding entities and reading of external DTD files, combined, and is the total number of bytes of dynamic memory allocated (and not freed) per hierarchy of parsers. NOTE: If you ever need to increase this value for non-attack pay- load, please file a bug report. -b bytes Sets the number of output bytes (including amplification) needed to activate protection against amplification attacks like billion laughs (default: 8 MiB for the sum of direct and indirect output, and 64 MiB for allocations of dynamic memory). This can be thought of as an "activation threshold". NOTE: If you ever need to increase this value for non-attack pay- load, please file a bug report. -c If the input file is well-formed and xmlwf doesn't encounter any er- rors, the input file is simply copied to the output directory un- changed. This implies no namespaces (turns off -n) and requires -d to specify an output directory. -d output-dir Specifies a directory to contain transformed representations of the input files. By default, -d outputs a canonical representation (de- scribed below). You can select different output formats using -c, -m and -N. The output filenames will be exactly the same as the input filenames or "STDIN" if the input is coming from standard input. Therefore, you must be careful that the output file does not go into the same directory as the input file. Otherwise, xmlwf will delete the input file before it generates the output file (just like running cat < file > file in most shells). Two structurally equivalent XML documents have a byte-for-byte iden- tical canonical XML representation. Note that ignorable white space is considered significant and is treated equivalently to data. More on canonical XML can be found at http://www.jclark.com/xml/canonxml.html . -e encoding Specifies the character encoding for the document, overriding any document encoding declaration. xmlwf supports four built-in encod- ings: US-ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16, and ISO-8859-1. Also see the -w op- tion. -g bytes Sets the buffer size to request per call pair to XML_GetBuffer and read (default: 8 KiB). -h, --help Prints short usage information on command xmlwf, and then exits. Similar to this man page but more concise. -k When processing multiple files, xmlwf by default halts after the the first file with an error. This tells xmlwf to report the error but to keep processing. This can be useful, for example, when testing a filter that converts many files to XML and you want to quickly find out which conversions failed. -m Outputs some strange sort of XML file that completely describes the input file, including character positions. Requires -d to specify an output file. -n Turns on namespace processing. (describe namespaces) -c disables namespaces. -N Adds a doctype and notation declarations to canonical XML output. This matches the example output used by the formal XML test cases. Requires -d to specify an output file. -p Tells xmlwf to process external DTDs and parameter entities. Normally xmlwf never parses parameter entities. -p tells it to al- ways parse them. -p implies -x. -q Disable reparse deferral, and allow quadratic parse runtime on large tokens (default: reparse deferral enabled). -r Normally xmlwf memory-maps the XML file before parsing; this can re- sult in faster parsing on many platforms. -r turns off memory-map- ping and uses normal file IO calls instead. Of course, memory-map- ping is automatically turned off when reading from standard input. Use of memory-mapping can cause some platforms to report substan- tially higher memory usage for xmlwf, but this appears to be a mat- ter of the operating system reporting memory in a strange way; there is not a leak in xmlwf. -s Prints an error if the document is not standalone. A document is standalone if it has no external subset and no references to parame- ter entities. -t Turns on timings. This tells Expat to parse the entire file, but not perform any processing. This gives a fairly accurate idea of the raw speed of Expat itself without client overhead. -t turns off most of the output options (-d, -m, -c, ...). -v, --version Prints the version of the Expat library being used, including some information on the compile-time configuration of the library, and then exits. -w Enables support for Windows code pages. Normally, xmlwf will throw an error if it runs across an encoding that it is not equipped to handle itself. With -w, xmlwf will try to use a Windows code page. See also -e. -x Turns on parsing external entities. (CAREFUL! This makes xmlwf vul- nerable to external entity attacks (XXE).) Non-validating parsers are not required to resolve external enti- ties, or even expand entities at all. Expat always expands internal entities (?), but external entity parsing must be enabled explic- itly. External entities are simply entities that obtain their data from outside the XML file currently being parsed. This is an example of an internal entity: And here are some examples of external entities: (parsed) (unparsed) -- (Two hyphens.) Terminates the list of options. This is only needed if a filename starts with a hyphen. For example: xmlwf -- -myfile.xml will run xmlwf on the file -myfile.xml. Older versions of xmlwf do not support reading from standard input. OUTPUT xmlwf outputs nothing for files which are problem-free. If any input file is not well-formed, or if the output for any input file cannot be opened, xmlwf prints a single line describing the problem to standard output. If the -k option is not provided, xmlwf halts upon encountering a well- formedness or output-file error. If -k is provided, xmlwf continues pro- cessing the remaining input files, describing problems found with any of them. EXIT STATUS For options -v|--version or -h|--help, xmlwf always exits with status code 0. For other cases, the following exit status codes are returned: 0 The input files are well-formed and the output (if requested) was written successfully. 1 An internal error occurred. 2 One or more input files were not well-formed or could not be parsed. 3 If using the -d option, an error occurred opening an output file. 4 There was a command-line argument error in how xmlwf was invoked. BUGS The errors should go to standard error, not standard output. There should be a way to get -d to send its output to standard output rather than forcing the user to send it to a file. I have no idea why anyone would want to use the -d, -c, and -m options. If someone could explain it to me, I'd like to add this information to this manpage. SEE ALSO The Expat home page: https://libexpat.github.io/ The W3 XML 1.0 specification (fourth edition): https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/ Billion laughs attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs_attack AUTHOR This manual page was originally written by Scott Bronson in December 2001 for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1. May 10, 2026 XMLWF(1)